International laws, including the Geneva Conventions and the UN Charter, prohibit attacks on civilian infrastructure during armed conflict. These laws define civilian objects and outline protections for essential services, such as hospitals and water supplies. Allegations have emerged against the United States, Israel, and Iran for violating these laws by targeting civilian facilities. For instance, the US and Israel have reportedly attacked energy and transport infrastructures in Iran, while Iran has targeted facilities in the Gulf region. When these laws are breached, individuals can face prosecution for war crimes through the International Criminal Court (ICC). However, the ICC's effectiveness is hindered by the fact that the US, Israel, and Iran are not members, limiting direct jurisdiction unless referred by the UN Security Council. Although states found liable for violations may face reparations or countermeasures, actual enforcement remains politically complicated, often resulting in non-binding resolutions from the UN.