This week, diplomats from almost every nation are gathering in New York for a four-week review of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), the world's most comprehensive nuclear arms agreement. With 90% of the world’s nuclear weapons held by the U.S. and Russia, recent conflicts, including the ongoing war in Ukraine and tensions between India and Pakistan, have heightened the stakes. The NPT, which has 190 member states, aims to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and promote disarmament; however, it has faced challenges in achieving consensus during its review conferences. Past conferences have struggled to produce actionable outcomes, with only two agreed documents since 1995. The current geopolitical climate, characterized by increasing nuclear modernization and aggressive military actions, poses significant risks to global security. The head of this year’s conference, Do Hung Viet, has warned that failure to reach a consensus could undermine the NPT's credibility, further complicating efforts for nuclear disarmament. The conference will need to address critical issues, including the safety of nuclear facilities in conflict zones and the implications of military actions against nations like Iran, which may encourage other countries to pursue nuclear capabilities as a deterrent against aggression.