Research by Tyeshia Redden, an assistant professor of Urban Planning at the University of Toronto, raises concerns about the economic viability of hosting the World Cup. She notes that 12 out of the last 14 World Cup events have resulted in financial losses for host cities. Toronto's costs for hosting six games have escalated from an initial estimate of $30-$45 million to nearly $300 million. Redden cites the 2014 World Cup in Brazil, which cost about $15 billion and led to a national economic crisis, as a cautionary example. While proponents argue that the event could generate significant revenue, with estimates suggesting a potential $4 billion return, Redden advises skepticism regarding these figures. Former Toronto mayor John Tory expressed his belief in the long-term benefits of hosting, despite acknowledging the unexpected cost increases. He emphasized the exposure Toronto would gain on a global stage. Redden further explained that cities often face unfavorable terms when bidding, as organizations like FIFA and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) hold significant power over negotiations, particularly when there are many eager bidders. Profitable hosting deals tend to occur only when few cities are willing to host, as seen during the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles.