In its Public Report 2025, the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) has flagged a small group of Canada-based Khalistani extremists as an ongoing national security threat, despite reporting no related attacks in the country during the year. This marks the first use of the term 'Canada-based Khalistani extremist (CBKE)' in this context. The report emphasizes a clear distinction between violent extremism and peaceful political advocacy for Khalistan. It also recalls the 40th anniversary of the Air India Flight 182 bombing, which remains the deadliest terrorist attack in Canadian history, resulting in the deaths of 329 individuals, mostly Canadians. CSIS noted that while some extremists maintain links with Canadian citizens to promote their violent agenda, peaceful advocacy for Khalistan is not classified as extremism. Furthermore, the report highlights the threat of foreign interference, naming countries such as China, India, Russia, Iran, and Pakistan as key players in espionage activities. CSIS Director Dan Rogers stated that the threat landscape in Canada is constantly evolving, maintaining a national terrorism threat level of 'medium' for 2025, indicating a realistic possibility of extremist violence.