A recent study published in *Frontiers in Oncology* investigates the impact of vaping on gene expression in the oral epithelium, revealing that factors such as device generation, flavor choice, and vaping intensity contribute to distinct molecular changes. Researchers analyzed oral cells from 35 e-cigarette users, 24 cigarette smokers, and 24 non-users, finding that vaping was associated with widespread alterations in gene activity compared to non-users. Among the 3,124 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified in vapers, only a small percentage showed consistent changes across various exposure metrics. Notably, flavor choice played a significant role, with 64% of DEGs remaining significant among users of multiple flavors. The study highlights that vaping leads to a more heterogeneous molecular response than smoking, which exhibited a more uniform dose-response pattern. These findings suggest that regulatory approaches should consider the health risks associated with different vaping devices and flavors, as the biological effects of vaping are complex and varied. However, the study's limitations include a small sample size for certain device generations, potentially affecting the generalizability of the results.