A study published in May 2025 in the journal Humanities & Social Sciences Communications, which claimed that OpenAI's ChatGPT significantly enhances student learning, has been retracted by Springer Nature. The retraction was due to identified discrepancies in the analysis and a lack of confidence in the conclusions drawn. The paper, which analyzed results from 51 previous studies, suggested that ChatGPT had a large positive impact on learning performance and a moderately positive effect on learning perception and higher-order thinking. However, experts, including Ben Williamson from the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, criticized the study for synthesizing low-quality research and for its timing, noting that it was published only two and a half years after ChatGPT's launch in November 2022. Despite its retraction, the study garnered 262 citations in peer-reviewed journals and nearly half a million readers, ranking in the 99th percentile for journal articles based on attention score.