According to Eurostat, in 2025, nearly 49% of internet users across 20 EU countries encountered online messages deemed hostile towards specific groups. The highest levels of toxicity were reported in Ireland, Hungary, Finland, and Slovakia, while Latvia, Greece, Germany, and Lithuania reported lower levels. Hostile content targeted various groups based on political views, racial or ethnic origins, sexual orientation, and religion. A study published in Nature highlighted that young men are often the most hostile participants in online political discussions. The European Observatory of Online Hate noted that Western Europe consistently exhibited the highest toxicity levels, with Southern Europe following closely behind. In contrast, Eastern Europe recorded the lowest toxicity levels. Notably, antisemitic content frequently intertwined with racist themes, reflecting the ideological nature of the discourse. Among social media platforms, X was identified as the most toxic, with a medium toxicity score of 0.24 in 2024, showing slight stability or decrease in toxicity levels into 2025.