On May 18, 1974, India marked a pivotal moment in its history by conducting its first nuclear test, known as Operation Smiling Buddha, at the Pokhran test range in Rajasthan. This operation was overseen by Raja Ramanna, director of the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, and was authorized by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. The test coincided with Buddha Purnima, leading to its codename. Reports estimate the nuclear device's yield to be between 8 and 12 kilotons of TNT. With this successful detonation, India became the sixth nation to possess nuclear capabilities, joining the ranks of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council: China, Russia, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Notably, the test went undetected by US and global intelligence agencies, showcasing India's strategic advancements. However, the operation drew international condemnation, resulting in sanctions from several developed nations due to concerns over nuclear proliferation. The origins of this operation date back to September 7, 1972, when Indira Gandhi authorized the development of an indigenous nuclear device. This milestone was later followed by further nuclear tests in 1998.