Indigenous treaty rights represent a formidable legal barrier for Alberta's separatist movement, as noted by political scientists. A recent ruling by Justice Shaina Leonard quashed a petition aimed at initiating a vote on Alberta's potential secession from Canada, citing the provincial government's failure to adequately consult First Nations. Premier Danielle Smith has announced plans to appeal this decision while also preparing a referendum question for October. This question will ask Albertans whether they wish to remain in Canada or begin the process for a binding referendum on separation. The Clarity Act, which outlines conditions for secession, does not specify what constitutes adequate consultation, leaving it to the courts to define these parameters. Experts like Grace Skogstad and Andrew McDougall note that the evolution of Indigenous rights and the duty-to-consult process complicate the secession landscape significantly. The outcome of this legal and political struggle will have lasting implications for Alberta's relationship with both Indigenous communities and the federal government.